Process diagrams illustrate a series of steps or stages that describe how something is made, how it works, or how it changes over time. Unlike charts and graphs, process diagrams do not contain numerical data. Your task is to describe each stage clearly and in the correct order, using appropriate sequencing language and the passive voice. Focus on accurately conveying the procedure without adding personal opinions or outside knowledge.
Essay Structure
1
Introduction
Paraphrase the question to explain what the process diagram shows. State the number of stages and what the overall process produces or achieves.
2
Overview
Summarise the process at a high level. Mention the starting point, the end product, and the total number of stages. Note whether the process is linear or cyclical.
3
Body Paragraph 1
Describe the first half of the process in sequential order. Use passive constructions and sequencing words to connect each stage logically.
4
Body Paragraph 2
Continue describing the remaining stages through to the final step. Emphasise any transformations or key changes that occur in the later stages.
Key Vocabulary for Process Diagram
subsequently
After a particular event or time; following the previous step
initially
At the beginning; in the first stage of a process
stage
A distinct phase or step within a larger process
undergo
To experience or be subjected to a particular process or change
convert
To change from one form, state, or function to another
transform
To change completely in form, appearance, or character
resulting in
Having a specified outcome as a consequence of a preceding action
prior to
Before a particular time or event; preceding a given step
whereby
By which; through which method or process
commence
To begin or start; the first action in a sequence
Model Answer
The diagram illustrates the step-by-step process by which chocolate is manufactured from raw cocoa beans. The procedure involves eight stages, beginning with harvesting and ending with the final product.
Overall, the production of chocolate is a linear process that transforms raw cocoa beans through several heating, pressing, and mixing stages before the finished chocolate is produced.
Initially, ripe cocoa pods are harvested from trees and the beans are extracted. The beans are then spread out and left to dry in the sun for approximately two weeks, after which they are packed into sacks and transported to a factory.
At the factory, the dried beans are roasted at around 350 degrees and subsequently crushed into small fragments. These fragments are then pressed to separate cocoa butter from cocoa powder. Following this, the cocoa butter and powder are combined with sugar and milk, and the mixture is heated and stirred until smooth. Finally, the liquid chocolate is poured into moulds, cooled, and packaged for distribution.
Practice Questions
The diagram below shows how electricity is generated from waste materials. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
The diagram below illustrates the life cycle of a salmon from egg to adult. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Top Tips
Use the passive voice throughout your report, as process descriptions focus on what happens rather than who performs the action.
Follow the sequential order shown in the diagram — do not rearrange the steps or jump between stages.
Use a variety of sequencing language such as 'initially,' 'subsequently,' 'following this,' and 'at the final stage' to connect steps smoothly.
Do not add information that is not shown in the diagram; describe only what is presented.
Practice Task 1
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